Correspondence (1848-1896); printed and manuscript military orders and reports (1838-1882); some accounts and receipts; newspaper clippings; a small notebook/scrapbook kept in Oregon (1852-1854); three large official administrative letter-books of the Departments of Texas and the Gulf; two maps (Kansas 1866 and U.S. 1877); two speeches and Augur's thoughts on Indian wars; a few historical manuscript documents; a collection of memorabilia, some poems, and photograph proofs of Augur's son, Col. Jacob A. Augur.

Correspondents include military figures Nathaniel P. Banks, Winfield Scott Hancock, John P. Hatch, Guy V. Henry, Ranald Mackenzie, Alexander McD. McCook, Innis N. Palmer, Henry AV Post, and Joseph H. Potter. There is also a letter written by Battle of Cedar Mountain Confederate captive Henry W. Prince. Augur's correspondence consists of drafts of his letters written between 1870 and 1885.

Among subjects covered are railroad surveys of the West (1853), the Battle of Cedar Mountain (1862), Civil War spy Pardon Worsley, Sioux and Cheyenne campaigns, published reports on conditions in the West by P.H. Sheridan and William T. Sherman (1878 and 1882) plus a report of an official meeting with Sitting Bull in 1877, departmental administrative matters and endorsements, troop morale and deportment, court-martials, Texas-Mexico border depredations and unrest in Louisiana and Mississippi.

Among miscellaneous manuscript documents is one relevant to the calling out of circulation Maryland bills of credit (1780), a copy of an 1863 treaty between the U.S. and mixed bands of Bannock and Shoshone Indians, and a hand-written roster of the troops moved to join the Army of the Potomac to defend Washington, May-June, 1863.